P4Testgen: An Extensible Test Oracle For P4

We present P4Testgen, a test oracle for the P4-16 language that supports automatic generation of packet tests for any P4-programmable device. Given a P4 program and sufficient time, P4Testgen generates tests that cover every reachable statement in the input program. Each generated test consists of an input packet, control-plane configuration, and output packet(s), and can be executed in software or on hardware. Unlike prior work, P4Testgen is open source and extensible, making it a general resource for the community. P4Testgen not only covers the full P4-16 language specification, it also supports modeling the semantics of an entire packet-processing pipeline, including target-specific behaviors-i.e., whole-program semantics. Handling aspects of packet processing that lie outside of the official specification is critical for supporting real-world targets (e.g., switches, NICs, end host stacks). In addition, P4Testgen uses taint tracking and concolic execution to model complex externs (e.g., checksums and hash functions) that have been omitted by other tools, and ensures the generated tests are correct and deterministic. We have instantiated P4Testgen to build test oracles for the V1model, eBPF, and the Tofino (TNA and T2NA) architectures; each of these extensions only required effort commensurate with the complexity of the target. We validated the tests generated by P4Testgen by running them across the entire P4C program test suite as well as the Tofino programs supplied with Intel's P4 Studio. In just a few months using the tool, we discovered and confirmed 25 bugs in the mature, production toolchains for BMv2 and Tofino, and are conducting ongoing investigations into further faults uncovered by P4Testgen

Flow injection analysis coupled with carbon electrodes as the tool for analysis of naphthoquinones with respect to their content and functions in biological samples

Naphthoquinones are one of the groups of secondary metabolites widespread in nature, where they mostly appear as chromatic pigments. They embody broad-range of biological actions from phytotoxic to fungicidal. An anticancer effect of naphthoquinones stimulates an interest in determination and characterization of single derivatives of 1,2- and 1,4-quinones in biological samples. The main aim of this work was to suggest a technique suitable to determine lawsone, juglone and/or plumbagin in biological samples and to study of their influence on BY-2 tobacco cells. The BY-2 tobacco cells were cultivated in the presence of the naphthoquinones of interest ( 500 mu g.l(-1)) for 24 h and then the morphological changes were observed. We found out that naphthoquinones triggered the programmed cell death at BY-2 cells, which can be confirmed by the apoptotic bodies in nucleus. After that we suggested and optimized different electrochemical techniques such differential pulse voltammetry ( DPV) coupled with hanging mercury drop ( HMDE) and carbon paste electrode, micro flow device coupled with carbon screen printed electrodes and flow injection analysis coupled with Coulochem III detector to determine them. The detection limits of naphthoquinones of interest were expressed as 3S/N and varied from units to hundreds of ng per millilitres according to methods used. Moreover, we utilized DPV coupled with HMDE and micro flow device to determine content of juglone in leaves Persian walnut ( Juglans regia). We determined that the leaves contained juglone tenths of g per 100 g of fresh weight. The results obtained show the convincing possibilities of using of these methods in analysis of plant secondary metabolites

Creation and running of an e-course in a e-learning enviroment BeeWiser

This thesis discusses the creation and running of an e-course in a e-learning environment BeeWiser by StringData s.r.o. The goal of this paper is to test individual parts of both development cycle and life cycle of an e-course in this environment and to discuss and to point at cons and pros. Finally the goal is also to evaluate the usability and competitiveness of the environment and possibly to suggest its improvements. The theoretical part of this thesis includes the introduction to the e-learning, description of its pros and cons compared to a traditional teaching methods. It also describes the requirements the user responsible for creation and supervision of such class should meet. In the hands-on part of this thesis is the BeeWiser environment itself tested and evaluated

Management Problems During Organizing a Major Sports Event

Import 04/07/2011Cílem mé bakalářské práce je provést analýzu managementu organizování stolnětenisového turnaje, na kterou navazuji shrnutím šetření, náměty a doporučeními. Turnaj má v Evropě prestižní postavení, ale jeho slabou stránkou je nízký rozpočet akce závislý na počtu účastníků. Turnaje se účastní reprezentační výběry juniorů z mnoha států. Práce se dělí na dvě části. Část teoretickou a část praktickou. Teoretická část je zaměřena na vysvětlení základních manažérsko-ekonomických pojmů, marketingový mix a pojmů spojených se sportem. V praktické části popisuji chod turnaje, rozhovor s manažerem akce a využívám SWOT analýzu. Závěrem jsem navrhnul možná opatření při získávání finančních prostředků od nových potencionálních sponzorů.The goal of my work is to analyze the management of the table tennis tournament and to summarize the searching and suggestions. There is a prestige position of the tournament in Europe but its weak is the low budget depending on the number of the competitors. The junior teams from many countries take part in the tournament. The work is divided into two parts – the theoretical and the practical one. The theoretical part is focused on explanation of the basic manager-economic concepts, marketing mix and the sport concepts. In the practical part I describe the tournament, interview with the manager and I use the SWOT analyze. In conclusion I suggested some possibilities for fund-rising from the new sponsors.Prezenční115 - Katedra managementuvelmi dobř

Ekonomické systémy MMORPG, jejich výhody a nevýhody

Cílem mé práce je popsat vnitřní ekonomiky MMORPG a diskutovat jejich potenciál jakožto vhodných virtuálních simulací reálného světa pro potřeby výzkumu ekonomických teorií a vztahů. První kapitola je zaměřena na postupný historický vznik žánru RPG a MMORPG a jejich základní pravidla. Druhá se zabývá metodami a postupy ekonomického výzkumu v dnešní době. Třetí navrhuje, proč by použití MMORPG bylo v tomto kontextu výhodné. Ve čtvrté se zabývám nedostatky, neduhy a limity těchto virtuálních světů z hlediska ekonomického. Kapitola pátá pak diskutuje pozitivní a negativní argumenty hlavní myšlenky z hlediska sociologického. Šestá kapitola shrnuje všechny dosavadní poznatky a konečně rozhoduje, zda se MMORPG pro ekonomický výzkum hodí, či nikoliv. V sedmé kapitole již jen uvádím dva nejzajímavější projekty v našem kontextu a některé zajímavosti, které se jich týkají

Architecture of applications for mobile devices

This thesis discusses the architecture and the development of applications for mobile device, namely of applications in Java ME platform. The goal of this paper is to draw near the problematic of development for mobile device, analyse pros and cons of several solutions and design the architecture for a few type applications in chosen solution. The theoretical part of this thesis includes the introduction to the mobile development, discussion of benefits and drawbacks of development in Java ME in comparison with other possible solutions, description of main Java ME elements and choosing of type applications for practical part. In the hands-on part of this thesis are chosen the development tools and using previously described elements, the architectures for type applications are made. For each of type application is designed and developed real-life usable application

Ekonomické systémy MMORPG, jejich výhody a nevýhody

Cílem mé práce je popsat vnitřní ekonomiky MMORPG a diskutovat jejich potenciál jakožto vhodných virtuálních simulací reálného světa pro potřeby výzkumu ekonomických teorií a vztahů. První kapitola je zaměřena na postupný historický vznik žánru RPG a MMORPG a jejich základní pravidla. Druhá se zabývá metodami a postupy ekonomického výzkumu v dnešní době. Třetí navrhuje, proč by použití MMORPG bylo v tomto kontextu výhodné. Ve čtvrté se zabývám nedostatky, neduhy a limity těchto virtuálních světů z hlediska ekonomického. Kapitola pátá pak diskutuje pozitivní a negativní argumenty hlavní myšlenky z hlediska sociologického. Šestá kapitola shrnuje všechny dosavadní poznatky a konečně rozhoduje, zda se MMORPG pro ekonomický výzkum hodí, či nikoliv. V sedmé kapitole již jen uvádím dva nejzajímavější projekty v našem kontextu a některé zajímavosti, které se jich týkají

Automated nucleic acids isolation using paramagnetic microparticles coupled with electrochemical detection

Easy, efficient and low demanding separation of mRNA from biological material is needed to study gene expression and to use in chip technologies. It is common knowledge that each mRNA molecule contains sequence of 25 adenines. This feature can be used for binding mRNA on the surface of the particles coated by thymine chains. The present work reports on suggesting and optimizing of mRNA separation and detection from biological material via paramagnetic microparticles coupled with electrochemical detection. Primarily we optimized cyclic and square wave voltammetric conditions to detect poly(A),which was used as standard to mimic behaviour of mRNA. Under the optimized square wave voltammetric conditions (frequency 280 Hz, accumulation time 200 s, supporting electrolyte and its temperature: acetate buffer 4.6 and 35 degrees C) we estimated detection limit down to 1 ng of poly(A) per ml. To enhance effectiveness and repeatability of isolation of nucleic acid automated approach for rinsing and hybridizing was proposed. We optimized the whole procedure and experimental conditions. Using automated way of isolation and under optimized conditions the yield of poly(A) (isolated concentration of poly(A)/given concentration of poly(A)*100) was approximately 75%. The suggested and optimized method for poly(A) isolation and detection was utilized for the analysis of brain tissues of patients with traumatic brain injury. The total amount of isolated mRNA varied from 40 to 760 g of mRNA per g of brain tissue. The isolation of mRNA from six samples per run was not longer than 2.5 h. Moreover, we applied the optimized procedure on fully automated pipetting instrument to isolate mRNA. The instrument was successfully tested on the analysis of extracts from roots of maize plants treated with cadmium(II) ions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Study of structural changes of lactoferrin using flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection on glassy carbon electrode

Lactoferrin is considered to be a multifunctional protein. It appears to play several biologically important roles, where its structure is very crucial. The aim of this work was to investigate the basic electrochemical behaviour of lactoferrin by both stationary and flow electrochemical methods with respect its structural changes under various denaturing conditions. The electroactivity of lactoferrin was studied by three various electrochemical methods ( linear sweep, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry). Based on the results obtained, we utilized flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED) for determination of lactoferrin. We found out that the most suitable FIA-ED conditions were as follows: working electrode potential of 900 mV, Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 4.5) as the mobile phase, its flow rate 1 ml min(-1). Finally, we attempted to follow the changes of lactoferrin signal in the presence of chemical compounds or under the physical conditions leading to changes in its structure. As we have shown here, electrochemical analysis enables us to distinguish changes of protein structure easily and rapidly

Electrochemical determination of Ag-ions in environment waters and their action on plant embryos

We utilized liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED) for analyzing of silver ions. The optimization of basic chromatographic parameters has been done. The detection limit (3 S/N) obtained were 20 nmol/dm(3). Influence of different interferences (anions and cations) on current response of silver ions has been described. Moreover, we used HPLC-ED to analyze waters of different purity including 3 photographic emulsion, which naturally contained silver ions. We found out that content of silver ions in the emulsion was 1.57 x 0.03 mmol/dm(3). Moreover, we investigated influence of silver ions on early somatic embryos of Blue Spruce. We were interested in the issue how much silver ions can embryos uptake during four days long treatment. For this purpose, we used optimized HPLC-ED technique. The content increased with increasing treatment time and applied concentration. We also studied how silver ions can influence thiols content in the treated embryos. For these purposes we used adsorptive transfer stripping voltammetry in connection with differential pulse voltammetry - Brdicka reaction. It clearly follows from the obtained results that content of thiols increased with increasing treatment time and applied concentration. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved